Strengthening HIV and Tuberculosis Integrated Co-infection Services: Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh in One Window HIV TB BMU

Ubedullah Malik; Ghulam Qadir Rajpoot; Sasui Wadhoo; Paras Tunio

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12

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Strengthening HIV and Tuberculosis Integrated Co-infection Services: Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh in One Window HIV TB BMU

Ubedullah Malik^*, Ghulam Qadir Rajpoot, Sasui Wadhoo, Paras Tunio

Published in International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 11, Issue 2)

Received: 19 December 2024 Accepted: 9 January 2025 Published: 19 September 2025

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Abstract

A major global health concern is the co-infection of HIV/AIDS and TB, which increases rates of morbidity and mortality. The mortality ratios linked to HIV with TB co-infection are examined in this article through an analysis of epidemiological data of one window Service Treatment center in rural area of Sindh Shaheed Benazir Abad District, This ART Treatment Centre is Managed both HIV and TB both coinfections at one center called One window Treatment Centre, underlying causes of elevated death rates in PLHIV with TB co-infection, and mitigation techniques. This research Article is based on the mortality ratios & death ratio in HIV with TB Patients in Different genders & age Groups. This research Article is Brief Practice Experience research on Patients Living with HIV and Having co Infection of TB, The Ratio of TB co-infection in HIV Positive Clints & their Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh among the registered Clints at HIV Treatment & Support Centre Nawab shah. Immunocompetent individuals have a 5-10% lifetime risk of tuberculosis, while HIV-positive individuals have a 5-15% annual risk of active tuberculosis disease. In the last twenty years, tuberculosis has become a significant opportunistic infection that exacerbates the HIV epidemic globally, especially in Asia and Africa and Poor Countries as Pakistan. This research is all based on Rural area Pakistan in Sindh province.

Published in	International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 11, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12
Page(s)	78-82
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

PLHIV, HIV, AIDS, TB, TPT, ATT

References

[1]	CDC HIV/AIDS Sindh HIV Treatment & Support Centre Peoples University of Medical Science Shaheed Benazir Abad.
[2]	Tola A, et al. Treatment outcome of tuberculosis and associated factors among TB-HIV co-infected patients at public hospitals of Harar town, eastern Ethiopia. A five-year retrospective study. BMC Public Health. 2019; 19: 1-12.
[3]	Epidemiological features and temporal trends of the co-infection of tuberculosis and HIV. https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-024-01230-3
[4]	Tuberculosis infected 8 million people last year, the most WHO has ever tracked. https://apnews.com/article/c0fd5cc6542e7f9135833366b71546d2
[5]	Refera H, Wencheko E. Survival of HIV-TB co-infected adult patients under ART in Ambo Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2013; 27(2): 88-93.
[6]	World health Organization (WHO). Tuberculosis & HIV. 2018 [cited 2024 Feb 20]; https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/hiv/treatment/tuberculosis-hiv
[7]	Naidoo K et al. Mortality in HIV and Tuberculosis patients following implementation of integrated HIV-TB treatment: results from an open-label cluster-randomized trial. EClinicalMedicine, 2022. 44.
[8]	Yang N, et al. Predictors of death among TB/HIV co-infected patients on tuberculosis treatment in Sichuan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Med (Baltim). 2023; 102(5): e32811.
[9]	Tesfaye B, et al. The twin epidemics: prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection and its associated factors in Ethiopia; a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13(10): e0203986.
[10]	Gelaw YA et al. TB and HIV epidemiology and collaborative service: evidence from Ethiopia, 2011-2015. HIV/AIDS-Research and Palliative Care, 2020: pp. 839-847.
[11]	Manosuthi W, et al. Time to initiate antiretroviral therapy between 4 weeks and 12 weeks of tuberculosis treatment in HIV-infected patients: results from the TIME study. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012; 60(4): 377-83.
[12]	Birhan H, et al. Statistical analysis on determinant factors associated with time to death of HIV/TB co-infected patients under HAART at Debre Tabor Referral Hospital: an application of accelerated failure time-shared frailty models. HIV/AIDS-Research and Palliative Care; 2021. pp. 775-87.
[13]	Abrha H, et al. Survival experience and its predictors among TB/HIV co-infected patients in Southwest Ethiopia. Epidemiol (Sunnyvale). 2015; 5(2): 191.
[14]	Habtegiorgis SD, et al. TB/HIV co-infected patients’ mortality rate and its predictors in dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2018. Eastern Ethiopia; 2018.
[15]	Herzog R, et al. Newcastle-Ottawa scale adapted for cross-sectional studies. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13: 154.
[16]	Eshome Kefale A, Anagaw YK. Outcome of tuberculosis treatment and its predictors among HIV infected patients in southwest Ethiopia. Int J Gen Med, 2017: p. 161-9.
[17]	Fiseha T, et al. Tuberculosis treatment outcome among HIV co-infected patients at Mizan-Aman general hospital, Southwest Ethiopia: a retrospective study. J Bioeng Biomed Sci. 2015; 5(1): 139.

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Malik, U., Rajpoot, G. Q., Wadhoo, S., Tunio, P. (2025). Strengthening HIV and Tuberculosis Integrated Co-infection Services: Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh in One Window HIV TB BMU. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 11(2), 78-82. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12

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Malik, U.; Rajpoot, G. Q.; Wadhoo, S.; Tunio, P. Strengthening HIV and Tuberculosis Integrated Co-infection Services: Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh in One Window HIV TB BMU. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2025, 11(2), 78-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12

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AMA Style

Malik U, Rajpoot GQ, Wadhoo S, Tunio P. Strengthening HIV and Tuberculosis Integrated Co-infection Services: Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh in One Window HIV TB BMU. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2025;11(2):78-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12,
  author = {Ubedullah Malik and Ghulam Qadir Rajpoot and Sasui Wadhoo and Paras Tunio},
  title = {Strengthening HIV and Tuberculosis Integrated Co-infection Services: Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh in One Window HIV TB BMU
},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {78-82},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20251102.12},
  abstract = {A major global health concern is the co-infection of HIV/AIDS and TB, which increases rates of morbidity and mortality. The mortality ratios linked to HIV with TB co-infection are examined in this article through an analysis of epidemiological data of one window Service Treatment center in rural area of Sindh Shaheed Benazir Abad District, This ART Treatment Centre is Managed both HIV and TB both coinfections at one center called One window Treatment Centre, underlying causes of elevated death rates in PLHIV with TB co-infection, and mitigation techniques. This research Article is based on the mortality ratios & death ratio in HIV with TB Patients in Different genders & age Groups. This research Article is Brief Practice Experience research on Patients Living with HIV and Having co Infection of TB, The Ratio of TB co-infection in HIV Positive Clints & their Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh among the registered Clints at HIV Treatment & Support Centre Nawab shah. Immunocompetent individuals have a 5-10% lifetime risk of tuberculosis, while HIV-positive individuals have a 5-15% annual risk of active tuberculosis disease. In the last twenty years, tuberculosis has become a significant opportunistic infection that exacerbates the HIV epidemic globally, especially in Asia and Africa and Poor Countries as Pakistan. This research is all based on Rural area Pakistan in Sindh province.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Strengthening HIV and Tuberculosis Integrated Co-infection Services: Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh in One Window HIV TB BMU

AU  - Ubedullah Malik
AU  - Ghulam Qadir Rajpoot
AU  - Sasui Wadhoo
AU  - Paras Tunio
Y1  - 2025/09/19
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12
T2  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JF  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JO  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
SP  - 78
EP  - 82
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5765
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12
AB  - A major global health concern is the co-infection of HIV/AIDS and TB, which increases rates of morbidity and mortality. The mortality ratios linked to HIV with TB co-infection are examined in this article through an analysis of epidemiological data of one window Service Treatment center in rural area of Sindh Shaheed Benazir Abad District, This ART Treatment Centre is Managed both HIV and TB both coinfections at one center called One window Treatment Centre, underlying causes of elevated death rates in PLHIV with TB co-infection, and mitigation techniques. This research Article is based on the mortality ratios & death ratio in HIV with TB Patients in Different genders & age Groups. This research Article is Brief Practice Experience research on Patients Living with HIV and Having co Infection of TB, The Ratio of TB co-infection in HIV Positive Clints & their Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh among the registered Clints at HIV Treatment & Support Centre Nawab shah. Immunocompetent individuals have a 5-10% lifetime risk of tuberculosis, while HIV-positive individuals have a 5-15% annual risk of active tuberculosis disease. In the last twenty years, tuberculosis has become a significant opportunistic infection that exacerbates the HIV epidemic globally, especially in Asia and Africa and Poor Countries as Pakistan. This research is all based on Rural area Pakistan in Sindh province.

VL  - 11
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Ubedullah Malik

Department of CDC HIV/AIDS, Sindh Peoples Medical University Hospital, Nawab Shah, Pakistan

Contact Email
Ghulam Qadir Rajpoot

Department of CDC HIV/AIDS, Sindh Peoples Medical University Hospital, Nawab Shah, Pakistan

Contact Email
Sasui Wadhoo

Department of CDC HIV/AIDS, Sindh Peoples Medical University Hospital, Nawab Shah, Pakistan

Contact Email
Paras Tunio

Department of CDC HIV/AIDS, Sindh Peoples Medical University Hospital, Nawab Shah, Pakistan

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Malik, U., Rajpoot, G. Q., Wadhoo, S., Tunio, P. (2025). Strengthening HIV and Tuberculosis Integrated Co-infection Services: Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh in One Window HIV TB BMU. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 11(2), 78-82. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12

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ACS Style

Malik, U.; Rajpoot, G. Q.; Wadhoo, S.; Tunio, P. Strengthening HIV and Tuberculosis Integrated Co-infection Services: Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh in One Window HIV TB BMU. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2025, 11(2), 78-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12

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AMA Style

Malik U, Rajpoot GQ, Wadhoo S, Tunio P. Strengthening HIV and Tuberculosis Integrated Co-infection Services: Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh in One Window HIV TB BMU. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2025;11(2):78-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12,
  author = {Ubedullah Malik and Ghulam Qadir Rajpoot and Sasui Wadhoo and Paras Tunio},
  title = {Strengthening HIV and Tuberculosis Integrated Co-infection Services: Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh in One Window HIV TB BMU
},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {78-82},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20251102.12},
  abstract = {A major global health concern is the co-infection of HIV/AIDS and TB, which increases rates of morbidity and mortality. The mortality ratios linked to HIV with TB co-infection are examined in this article through an analysis of epidemiological data of one window Service Treatment center in rural area of Sindh Shaheed Benazir Abad District, This ART Treatment Centre is Managed both HIV and TB both coinfections at one center called One window Treatment Centre, underlying causes of elevated death rates in PLHIV with TB co-infection, and mitigation techniques. This research Article is based on the mortality ratios & death ratio in HIV with TB Patients in Different genders & age Groups. This research Article is Brief Practice Experience research on Patients Living with HIV and Having co Infection of TB, The Ratio of TB co-infection in HIV Positive Clints & their Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh among the registered Clints at HIV Treatment & Support Centre Nawab shah. Immunocompetent individuals have a 5-10% lifetime risk of tuberculosis, while HIV-positive individuals have a 5-15% annual risk of active tuberculosis disease. In the last twenty years, tuberculosis has become a significant opportunistic infection that exacerbates the HIV epidemic globally, especially in Asia and Africa and Poor Countries as Pakistan. This research is all based on Rural area Pakistan in Sindh province.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Strengthening HIV and Tuberculosis Integrated Co-infection Services: Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh in One Window HIV TB BMU

AU  - Ubedullah Malik
AU  - Ghulam Qadir Rajpoot
AU  - Sasui Wadhoo
AU  - Paras Tunio
Y1  - 2025/09/19
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12
T2  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JF  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JO  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
SP  - 78
EP  - 82
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5765
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20251102.12
AB  - A major global health concern is the co-infection of HIV/AIDS and TB, which increases rates of morbidity and mortality. The mortality ratios linked to HIV with TB co-infection are examined in this article through an analysis of epidemiological data of one window Service Treatment center in rural area of Sindh Shaheed Benazir Abad District, This ART Treatment Centre is Managed both HIV and TB both coinfections at one center called One window Treatment Centre, underlying causes of elevated death rates in PLHIV with TB co-infection, and mitigation techniques. This research Article is based on the mortality ratios & death ratio in HIV with TB Patients in Different genders & age Groups. This research Article is Brief Practice Experience research on Patients Living with HIV and Having co Infection of TB, The Ratio of TB co-infection in HIV Positive Clints & their Mortality Ratios, Death Ratio and Contributing Factors in Rural Area Sindh among the registered Clints at HIV Treatment & Support Centre Nawab shah. Immunocompetent individuals have a 5-10% lifetime risk of tuberculosis, while HIV-positive individuals have a 5-15% annual risk of active tuberculosis disease. In the last twenty years, tuberculosis has become a significant opportunistic infection that exacerbates the HIV epidemic globally, especially in Asia and Africa and Poor Countries as Pakistan. This research is all based on Rural area Pakistan in Sindh province.

VL  - 11
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download